MOTS-c is a short peptide encoded within the mitochondrial genome and is part of the broader family of mitochondrial-derived peptides (MDPs). MDPs have recently been recognized as bioactive hormones that play key roles in mitochondrial signaling and energy regulation. While initially believed to act only within mitochondria, emerging research shows that many MDPs are active in the cell nucleus and some enter the bloodstream to exert systemic effects.
MOTS-c, in particular, has been identified as a critical regulator of metabolism, weight management, exercise capacity, longevity, and disease-related processes such as osteoporosis. It has been detected both in the cell nucleus and in circulation, confirming its status as a naturally occurring hormone. Due to its broad physiological impact and therapeutic potential, MOTS-c has been a focus of intensive research over the past five years.
